The combination of political opportunism and aggressive tactics led India to focus on power in New Delhi, which defeated Kashmir and Pakistan and defeated Ladakh and Jammu.
On August 5, the world press reported that India had abolished special status for Jammu and Kashmir. Muslim world media such as Dawn and Al Jazeera only shed light on Kashmir. The BBC and the New York Times did the same. This is understandable. Stating that both India and Pakistan are nuclear power, Deutsche Welle described the Kashmir conflict as dangerous to the world.
Still, it makes sense to take a deep breath and examine the key facts to understand what happened. Many journalists forget that there is no Kashmir state in India. Jammu and Kashmir consist of three distinct regions: Buddhist Ladakh, Hindu Jammu and Muslim Kashmir. It accounts for 62.3%, 22.7% and 15% of the state territory. This means that Kashmir is only 15% of the total area of the state. In the case of demography, the tables return. The most populous state population of Kashmir is 53.9%, 43.7% is Jammu and 2.3% is Ladakh.
The figures above represent an important point almost always missed by Indian, Pakistani and international media. Of the three regions of a very diverse state, Kashmir is only one region. The conflict between Ladakh and Jammu and Kashmir is sloppy, incompetent and misleading. So why are most journalists doing this? Ignorance is the most likely answer rather than patient will.
The Roots of Conflict
Like many political figures, the modern state in Jammu and Kashmir was a historic accident. In the days of the Mughal Empire, the rebellious Sikhs formed a short-lived empire. First he conquered Jammu and then spread to Kashmir. In 1834 Zurawar Singh Kalhuriya, the Dugar of the Sikhs, led a bold expedition to conquer Buddhist Ladakh and Shiite Baltistan. In 1841, when Chloria attempted to conquer western Tibet, it ended with a lens in her chest, but the Dogra now controlled a certain part of the area shared between India, Pakistan and China.
In the 1840s, the Sikh Empire collapsed. Under the leadership of Gilgit Singh, the Dogars missed opportunities. In 1846, the Sikhs and the British recognized the sovereignty of Dogra and joined 584 British Indians. Singh and his descendants prostrated themselves before the British and ruled the kingdom of the Muslim majority. The last Dogra ruler, Hari Singh, was strong, wasteful and useless. The boy on this former Lord Curzon page was blackmailed by a Parisian prostitute in 1921 for £ 300,000, or $ 16 million for today's princess. Needless to say, such fraud did not lead Singh to privilege.
Hari Singh had the illusion of greatness, while most of the royal family joined new independent India or Pakistan. Himalaya wanted to rule Switzerland. The Pakistani Muslim majority saw Kashmir as a natural part of the national construction project and sent the Pashtun tribes into this war. In a panic, the ruler of Dogra signed the Status Document on October 26, 1947, and Indian troops landed in Srinagar. India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru handed over the issue to the United Nations on 1 January 1948, even if Indian troops took over the Pashtun tribes.
About four months later, the UN Security Council called for voting in Jammu and Kashmir. First, Pakistan was forced to reclaim the Pashtun tribes and citizens. Second, India will then reduce its forces to "the minimum force necessary to support civilian power in restoring law and order." The decision is still pending, as neither side agrees.
According to the decisions, instead of reducing Kashmir soldiers, they have increased in the last few years. The reason is simple: neither Pakistan nor India trust each other. In addition, for each Kashmir Valley is an integral part of the national construction project. For Pakistan, the majority of Muslims should be part of the territory of Kashmir. Kashmir, a nation of multicultural India, proves that Kashmir is home to various communities, all of which are part of a beautiful mosaic. Kashmir is an existential issue connected with the identity of the two countries.
Since independence, India and Pakistan have clashed repeatedly over Kashmir. The first war began in October 1947 and ended in January 1949. It led to the de facto division of the region along the so-called Line of Control (LoC), the unofficial borderline that has lasted until today. The two countries fought two full-scale wars in 1965 and 1971. The second of the wars led to the creation of Bangladesh. They also clashed over Siachen and Kargil in 1985 and 1999 respectively. There have been numerous other occasions when tensions have run high.
Today, the former Dogra state of Jammu and Kashmir is divided between India, Pakistan and China. Pakistan controls the northern special province of Gilgit-Baltistan and the sickle-shaped Azad Kashmir sub-region since 1949. It is well recorded that Pakistan with its tradition of military dictatorships has gradually changed the demography of both these regions. It has also ceded Shaksgam Valley to China in 1963 in an effort to seal an alliance with the Middle Kingdom in the aftermath of the 1962 Indo-China War.
After its resounding victory in 1962, China took control of Aksai Chin from India. Until then, this had been a part of Ladakh. Culturally, this part of India had deep relations with Tibet for centuries. China first invaded Tibet in 1950 and the Dalai Lama fled to India in 1959. In the dispute over the state of Jammu and Kashmir, China remains an oft-forgotten but integral member of a messy ménage à trois.
Ladakh, Jammu, Kashmir and India: It’s Complicated
India's policy on the Jammu and Kashmir state is far more complex than that of India, Pakistan or foreign press. In the early days, Sheikh Abdullah, a Kashmiri leader, campaigned against the ruling government of Dogra and Nehru had close ties. After the recent Dogra rulers accepted India, Abdullah began his career as the elected leader of the state. His relationship with Nehru ended soon.
One reason was Adele Stevenson's recent visit to Dwight Eisenhower. The Democrat met Abdullah twice and the Indians suspected that Kashmir would provoke his independence. The US will lend $ 15 million to Kashmir, a newspaper said that at least 5,000,000 families will live in hotels or home boats, buy US Kashmir crafts and provide power to all villages within three years. As in front of Hari Singh to help,Abdullah is believed to be overwhelmed by the vision of the Himalayas to become Switzerland's greatest boss. According to rumors, on August 21, 1953, Eid was planning to announce his anniversary. Instead, Abdullah was arrested on August 8, and Bakhshi Ghulam Mohammad took over.
In 1949, Nehru directed the draft of the Constitution of India to grant special autonomy to Jammu and the Kashmir State. He drafted article 370 to manage India's relations with the state. Many have said that supply is the basis for entry into India. In fact, this article is entitled "Temporary, Temporary and Special Materials" XXI. Part was. Louis Tallen argues that "the state of Article 370 was designed to govern the state's relations with India before the military dispute was resolved."
This article turned out to be controversial from the beginning. While the Jammu, Ladakh and other parts of the country strongly opposed Article 370, the Kashmiri enthusiastically supported it. This article ensures that the state has a separate constitution, state flag and administrative sovereignty. Only defense affairs, foreign relations and communication remain in the hands of New Delhi. A constitutional assembly was elected in 1951 and completed in 1956; This was a separate constitution for Jammu and Kashmir, this concession was not allowed by another Indian state.
Even when Nehru imprisoned Abdullah, his government imposed only a part of the constitution in Jammu and Kashmir. In particular, the Nehru government issued Article 37 of the Constitution under Article 37 of the Constitution and Article 37 of the Constitution. Article 35A authorizes the provincial government of Jammu and Kashmir to decide who can buy land, vote, enter elections, enter state affairs and benefit from education. Or health benefits. They decided to give this right to permanent residents of the state.
The Kashmiris are worried that India will follow Pakistan and change its population. They feared the loss of population in the state. Therefore, permanent residence is greatly appreciated. Hindus and Sikhs, who migrated from modern India to Pakistan during or after the division of 1947, were denied permanent residence and still have no right to vote in state elections. Women who marry men from another state are no longer permanently accepted. And their children.
Over the years, India has abolished Article 370, but politicians in Jammu and Kashmir have gained more power than their peers in other states. Yet the state remained durable. For decades, many people have been waving Pakistani flags, singing their anthems and wearing cricket jerseys in recent years. A 2007 study found that 87% of the Kashmiris wanted independence and 90% of the Jammu people wanted to live in India.
One argument is to argue that New Delhi made the biggest mistake in dealing with the Kashmirs. In 1987, it was claimed that Nehru's grandson Rajiv Gandhi held his election in favor of Sheikh Abdullah's son Farooq Abdullah. The losers in this election held the Hurriyat Conference, a total party that has since campaigned for the right to self-determination. More importantly, most analysts accused of Gandhi's rebellion began in 1989 and have continued ever since.
Over the past 30 years, India has thrown money and men to solve the problem. It pays Rs 14,225 (200) per person as a central grant to New Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, with a national average of Rs 3,681 (Rs 52). Much of this money was spent in the pockets of corrupt families who were said to be the poles of Abdullah. Nevertheless, some certainly go to the Kashmirs, who take advantage of subsidized food, fuel and other benefits that other Indians refuse. New Delhi hopes to bribe them to be a loyal Indian. At the same time, the army, paramilitary forces and police are all over the Kashmir Valley to stop the riots.
The United Nations concluded that both the Indian and Pakistani forces violated human rights on both sides of the border. Violations by Indians have been widely discussed in the New York Times, Al Jazeera and other news organizations. What is not concealed is how the oppressed become oppressed. Angry at Jammu and Ladakh's devotion to India, the Kashmir systematically rejected their money, politically supported and neglected their infrastructure. The minority is also interested in the ethnic cleansing of Kashmir Pandits. In 2016, the BBC reported that 3,000 to 5,000 Pandites survived the Kashmir Valley's "voice of 300,000 people living there".
Ladakh Ladakh's suffering was practically not recorded. These simple mountain people are Tibetan feelings. The Dalai Lama people have language, traditions, food, culture and lifestyles. Sikkim and Ladakh are two Buddhist settlements on the Buddhist territory. How China treated his brothers and how the Taliban treated Bamiyan Ladakhis had been seeking protection from New Delhi for decades, but was treated like stepchildren. In India's unfounded democracy, their numbers are too small to win the national elections and are therefore largely ignored.
Yamang Namgyal, 34, representing Ladakh, welcomed the move to abolish Article 370, which was not fully reported in a major Indian parliamentary demonstration in the international press. Their logic was simple: the discoveries treated Ladakh with discrimination. Borders forced Ladakhis to learn Urdu. Schools don't teach their own language. Urdu is a passionate language, but foreign to Ladakhis. They disrespect the Persian script. When the Ladakhs fight in Urdu, the Kashmiri mock them as children.General Chat Chat Room When it comes to schools, hospitals, roads, drinking water or jobs, the possibilities come to an end. Just as many Kashmir demanded independence from India, most Ladakhis want independence from Kashmir.
Why has India Scrapped Article 370?
Prime Minister Narendra Modi was re-elected earlier this year. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) promised precisely the removal of Article 0 370. He did it for years. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, the founder of Bharatiya Jan Singh, the first incarnation of the BJP, died in Kashmir prison. Mukherjee went to Jammu and Kashmir against the law that Indian citizens were forbidden to settle in the state and were sent with the permission of a visitor. She arrested Abdullah Abdullah Mukherjee and today many suspects have planned the deaths of Nehru and Abdullah. The suspicion is compounded by the fact that Nehru has not ordered an independent investigation into Mukherjee's death.
The elimination of Article 370 for the BJP has long been the subject of conviction. In contrast, the congress manifesto said the dialogue was forward-looking. The party said it would reduce the number of security forces in the Kashmir Valley, eliminate muscle militancy, find an innovative federal solution and negotiate unconditionally with the people of Jammu and Kashmir. it will be. First of all, the promises of the Congress Party are well known, but they have a long polarized Kashmir history. He established Article 370, but later repealed it. Nehru family raided Abdullah tribe but repeatedly sent to prison,Many of the suspected Rahul Gandhi, descended from the fifth Nehru tribe's fifth Italian generation, were keen to win seats in Kashmir and to win the votes of Muslims.
The current home minister, Modi and Amit Shah, had no choice but to fulfill their single big words. In January, the authors argued in the Fair Observer that the economic policies of the Modi government have failed. Investment, consumption and employment were falling. In such a case, Modi and the Shah must present a deeper challenge to the Indians. Kashmir was an obvious choice.
External factors have made this decision a failure. First, US President Donald Trump offered to mediate the Kashmir dispute when Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan visited Washington DC. According to the Shimla Agreement, signed in 1972, India returned 90,000 prisoners of war, and Pakistan decided that Kashmir was a bilateral decision. Since then, Pakistan has tried to internationalize the Kashmir issue, while India has seen India as the domestic affair. Trump's proposal may have encouraged India to wax any mediation offer.
Second, the United States is negotiating with the Taliban to withdraw from Afghanistan. After the Soviet Union left Afghanistan and captured the Taliban, the Pashtun tribes began to appear in Kashmir. Calling themselves the Mujahideen, they harmed the state very much. Instead of coming to Kashmir in Afghanistan after the 9/11 attacks, it was only the US intervention that kept the Pashtuns in a civil war. After the separation of the Americans, India decided to tighten its passion for Kashmir.
Third, Indian Foreign Minister Subrahmanyam Jeeshankar is a retired diplomat and a great tactic. According to sources within the government, he predicted that the iron was hot enough to hit. India's time could not have been better. Engaged in domestic chaos with the US, China and Iran. China targets Uyghurs in Xinjiang and suppresses protests in Hong Kong. Pakistan begs for money from both China and the International Monetary Fund.In addition, Russia signed a S43 missile of $ 5.43 billion from Russia, Rafael jet from 8.9 billion dollars from France, and $ 17 billion from US military equipment. As a result, there is no major force to oppose India's movement in Kashmir.
What Happens Now?
Modi finally killed Nehru's ghost. Many Indians accused Nehru of defeating Kashmir and China. Nehru initiated a policy that focused on moral height, not on the height of the Himalayas. India reached the United Nations even if it had a huge military advantage. Modi attacked cross-border planes earlier this year. It tightened the spine of India and started a new era of muscle militancy.
For the first time, a state - a state with a separate constitution - remained in the union zone. The repeal of Article 370 would allow the Indians from other parts of the country to settle not only in Jammu and Kashmir, but also in Ladakh. Demographic benefits of Kashmiri Muslims will be low. In the short term, protests, turmoil and violence will increase. After the Friday prayers on 9 August, emotions and mass protests broke out, causing Indian troops to burn tear gas. Many are watching Kashmir in anger, promising to "raise arms".India is expected to transfer 38,000 additional security forces, shut down key leaders and cut communications to the outside world. These stages were designed for a rigorous festival rather than Eid ul Adha, who followed the pilgrimage.
Despite his dissatisfaction in Kashmir, there is a rule of happiness in Jammu and Ladakh. The main region of Jammu will certainly be seen as immigrants from other parts of India. Jammu, one of Vishnu Devi's most popular tourist destinations, has long been a place where millions of Indians have been found. Now those who live there will have full voting rights in the new union zone. If Kashmir remains violent while Jammu's economy is booming, Jammu and Kashmir can be divided into two different entities.
Ladakh is the main winner of this restructuring. Article 370 sees the abolition of the center as a quest for independence. Ladakh will emerge as India's main Buddhist residential area. Tibetan refugees from the rest of the country and Indians who want to make a clean or cool climb will make it home. Many tourists, both Indian and foreign, will visit this arid but beautiful region. The fact that Ladakh is no longer on the map of Jammu and Kashmir will eliminate the element of fear of visiting the region. The new union zone will soon be available for another visitor. Soldiers and engineers to work as a New Opportunity in Ladakh
Some analysts say that the Indian judiciary may prevent the repeal of Article 37. This is almost impossible. The Modi government relied on wise legal advice to advance the movement. In Rajya Sabha, the upper building of the Indian Parliament, 125 deputies in the 370th Lok Sabha, in the lower house, the majority voted 370 against only 70 movements of the Modi government.The government needed a two-thirds majority for constitutional amendments in both houses, whereas the movement was not only a simple vote, but a special majority. In any democracy, judges hold their own views, and the Indian judiciary is not in a position to challenge the sovereignty of Parliament or against the national spirit.
Like Kashmir, the Congress party lost. Many of their leaders broke ties with Rahul Gandhi and Shashi Tharoor to support Modi. In the upper building of the Parliament, Congress Chief Whip resigned in protest. An influential political audience, Jyotiraditya Sandhya surprisingly endorsed Modi as well as a rural socialist like Jandihan Dwivedi. This royal party is finally in disagreement and will ultimately become weaker.
Even though India tightened its view on Kashmir, Pakistan became an apoptector. He reached the UN, expelled the ambassador from India and severed trade relations. Prime Minister Khan called the Indian action illegal and colored the ethnic cleansing of Muslims. Pakistani politicians imagined fire and brimstone. They are comparing Kashmir with Palestine, and many have promised to fight the bitter nuclear target. In this spread of competitive language bargaining, emotions are quite high.
For decades Pakistan has turned to Islamic extremism. It is home to many terrorist groups. Since the 1980s, he has followed India's bleeding policy in India with thousands of interruptions. This includes the indisputable war by proxy terrorists or rebel groups that attack Indian security forces, vulnerable areas and the civilian population. There are charismatic scholars who regularly preach the Bible in Jihad. Comments on Facebook and Twitter are on fire. People shouting on the street. Pakistan seems to have lost its face and is reluctant to attack.
French political scientist Kristof Jafferloit says there is currently no danger of a military operation. The authors disagree. There is a possibility of conflict.
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